Physiological responses to feelings of sadness have been examined in many studies to demonstrate the psychophysiological differences between emotions (e.g., Kreibig et al., 2007). Based on these findings, if sadness is regarded as an emotion with subtypes, the physiological responses attached to these subtypes could also differ. According to the results, Shirai and Suzuki (2015) identified that sadness has at least two subtypes at the subjective level. In contrast, the features of sadness induced by the failure to achieve a goal (failure) decreased over time. The results showed that sadness induced by the loss of a family member (loss) tended to be expressed in words relating to “tears” and the ratings of the three factors remained high over time. The characteristics were assessed using expressive words for the following three factors: “tears,” “chest ache,” and “powerlessness.” Participants were asked to imagine the situation at four time points (event occurrence, after 1 week, after 1 month, and after 6 months), and assess the characteristics at each time point. In an earlier study Shirai and Suzuki (2015) examined the characteristics of sadness based on six situations via subjective ratings. Considering these findings, it is possible that there are also different types of sadness. (2015) reported that physical disgust and moral disgust were separate emotions, which are each associated with different facial expressions. Different expressions of anger: one with low pitch and one with high pitch, suggest that there are different types of anger associated with threat and frustration, respectively ( Frick, 1986). For example, Nesse (1990) proposed that if different emotions corresponded to different kinds of situations, different subtypes of fear might develop to deal with different types of threats. Although various situations can cause sadness ( Scherer and Wallbott, 1994), the question remains: are all of these feelings of sadness really the same? Several findings have shown that a single emotion can have different subtypes. It occurs when one loses a valued person, fails to achieve a goal, or loses their sense of control ( Ekman, 1999). The feeling of sadness is deeply ingrained in a person’s life. These results suggest that sadness includes at least two subtypes that produce different responses in subjective ratings and physiological measures. Furthermore, tear ratings correlated with blood pressures in the loss condition, while sadness intensity correlated with blood pressures in the failure condition. For the loss condition, restoration to baseline level took longer, while in the failure the SCL decreased sharply back to baseline. For the results of physiological measures, skin conductance levels (SCLs) increased during the imagery task across all conditions and differed between conditions during the post-task. The results of characteristics in the subjective ratings indicated that loss-evoked sadness was only associated with expressive words relating to tears. Physiological responses were recorded during an imagery task that was designed to evoke sadness. Seventy-four participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (loss, failure, and neutral). We investigated whether sadness elicited by two different situations-loss of someone (loss) and failure to achieve a goal (failure)-had different physiological responses.
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